Pension Finance Update August 2025

Pensions gained modest ground for the fifth consecutive month in August due to higher stock markets. Both model plans we track[1] gained ground last month: traditional Plan A gained more than 1%, ending the month up 5% for the year, while the more conservative Plan B gained a fraction of 1% last month, ending the month up 1% through the first eight months of 2025:

Assets

Stocks enjoyed another strong month in August, with all major indexes gaining ground. A diversified stock portfolio gained 3% last month and is now up more than 13% for the year:

Short-term interest rates edged lower during August. As a result, short-term bonds gained 1% last month, while long-term bonds were close to flat. For the year, bonds remain up 2%-5%, with long duration corporate bonds continuing to lag.

Overall, our traditional 60/40 portfolio gained 2% last month and is now up 9% so far this year, while the conservative 20/80 portfolio gained more than 1% last month and is now up more than 5% through the first eight months of 2025.

Liabilities

Pension liabilities (for funding, accounting, and de-risking purposes) are driven by market interest rates. The first graph below compares our Aa GAAP spot yield curve at December 31, 2024 and August 31, 2025 (along with the movement in the curve last month). The second graph below shows our estimate of movements in effective GAAP discount rates for pension obligations of various duration during 2025:

Short-term corporate bond yields fell 0.1% during August. As a result, pension liabilities increased 1% last month, ending August up 3%-5% for the year so far.

Summary

Pension tailwinds have continued in 2025, due to strong stock markets and stable interest rates. The graphs below show the movement of assets and liabilities for our two model plans so far this year:

Looking Ahead

Sustained higher interest rates since late 2022 have substantially diminished the impact of pension funding relief since 2023. Underfunded plans are likely seeing higher required contributions for the next few years.

Short-term rates moved 0.1% lower last month as the yield curve continues to steepen. We expect most pension sponsors will use effective discount rates in the 5.2%-5.6% range to measure pension liabilities right now.

The table below summarizes rates that calendar-year plan sponsors are required to use for IRS funding purposes for 2025, along with estimates for 2026, including the rate “corridor” that applies to the 24-month average rates under funding relief for each segment.

[1]Plan A is a traditional plan (duration 12 at 5.5%) with a 60/40 asset allocation, while Plan B is a largely retired plan (duration 9 at 5.5%) with a 20/80 allocation with a greater emphasis on corporate and long-duration bonds. We assume overhead expenses of 1% of plan assets per year, and we assume the plans are 100% funded at the beginning of the year and ignore benefit accruals, contributions, and benefit payments in order to isolate the financial performance of plan assets versus liabilities.